Mastering Spanish Commands: Tú vs. Usted
Understanding how to give commands in Spanish is crucial for effective communication. The Spanish language offers different ways to issue commands depending on the level of formality and the person you are addressing. This article focuses on the distinctions between tú (informal “you”) and usted (formal “you”) commands, providing a comprehensive guide to their formation and usage. Whether you’re a beginner or an advanced learner, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and practice to confidently use Spanish commands in various contexts.
Mastering the nuances of tú and usted commands will significantly enhance your fluency and cultural sensitivity in Spanish. By understanding the proper contexts for each command form, you can avoid awkward or inappropriate interactions and communicate more effectively with native speakers. This guide is designed for students, travelers, and anyone seeking to improve their Spanish language skills.
Table of Contents
- Definition of Tú and Usted Commands
- Structural Breakdown of Spanish Commands
- Types of Spanish Commands
- Examples of Tú and Usted Commands
- Usage Rules for Spanish Commands
- Common Mistakes with Spanish Commands
- Practice Exercises
- Advanced Topics in Spanish Commands
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion
Definition of Tú and Usted Commands
In Spanish, commands, also known as imperatives, are used to tell someone to do something. The form of the command changes depending on who you are addressing. The two main forms we will be focusing on are tú commands (informal) and usted commands (formal).
Tú commands are used when addressing someone you know well, such as a friend, family member, or someone younger than you. They convey a sense of familiarity and informality.
Usted commands are used when addressing someone you don’t know well, someone older than you, or someone in a position of authority. They convey respect and formality.
The distinction between tú and usted commands is crucial for maintaining appropriate social etiquette in Spanish-speaking cultures. Using the wrong form can be considered rude or disrespectful.
Structural Breakdown of Spanish Commands
The formation of Spanish commands varies depending on whether you are using the tú or usted form, and whether the command is affirmative (positive) or negative.
Affirmative Tú Commands: These are generally the same as the third-person singular (él/ella/usted) form of the present indicative. However, there are several irregular verbs that have unique forms. For example, hablar (to speak) becomes habla, comer (to eat) becomes come, and vivir (to live) becomes vive.
Negative Tú Commands: These are formed by using the present subjunctive form of the verb and placing “no” before it. For example, hablar becomes no hables, comer becomes no comas, and vivir becomes no vivas.
Affirmative Usted Commands: These are formed by using the present subjunctive form of the verb. For example, hablar becomes hable, comer becomes coma, and vivir becomes viva.
Negative Usted Commands: These are formed by using the present subjunctive form of the verb and placing “no” before it. For example, hablar becomes no hable, comer becomes no coma, and vivir becomes no viva.
Types of Spanish Commands
Spanish commands can be categorized into four main types based on the person being addressed (tú or usted) and whether the command is affirmative or negative.
Affirmative Tú Commands
Affirmative tú commands tell someone you know well to do something. As mentioned, these usually take the same form as the third-person singular present indicative (él/ella/usted form) of the verb. However, there are some common irregular verbs that you need to memorize.
For example, the verb poner (to put) has the irregular affirmative tú command form pon. Similarly, tener (to have) becomes ten, and venir (to come) becomes ven. It’s important to learn these irregular forms to avoid mistakes.
Negative Tú Commands
Negative tú commands tell someone you know well not to do something. They are formed using the present subjunctive of the verb with “no” placed before it. This form is crucial for giving instructions or advice in an informal setting.
For instance, to tell a friend “Don’t eat that,” you would say No comas eso. The verb comer (to eat) is conjugated into the present subjunctive form comas, and “no” is added at the beginning to make it negative.
Affirmative Usted Commands
Affirmative usted commands tell someone you address formally to do something. They are formed using the present subjunctive form of the verb. This form is essential for showing respect and maintaining formality in your interactions.
For example, to tell a professor “Speak more slowly,” you would say Hable más despacio. The verb hablar (to speak) is conjugated into the present subjunctive form hable.
Negative Usted Commands
Negative usted commands tell someone you address formally not to do something. They are formed using the present subjunctive form of the verb with “no” placed before it. This form is vital in formal settings where you need to give instructions or advice while maintaining a respectful tone.
For example, to tell your boss “Don’t worry,” you would say No se preocupe. The reflexive verb preocuparse (to worry) is conjugated into the present subjunctive form preocupe, and “no” is added at the beginning to make it negative. The “se” is placed after the verb in affirmative commands but before it in negative commands.
Examples of Tú and Usted Commands
Understanding the different forms of tú and usted commands is crucial for effective communication in Spanish. The following tables provide various examples to help you grasp the nuances of each command type.
The first table focuses on affirmative tú commands, showcasing both regular and irregular verb forms.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Affirmative Tú Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | Habla | Speak! |
| Comer (to eat) | Come | Eat! |
| Vivir (to live) | Vive | Live! |
| Escribir (to write) | Escribe | Write! |
| Abrir (to open) | Abre | Open! |
| Cerrar (to close) | Cierra | Close! |
| Entender (to understand) | Entiende | Understand! |
| Pedir (to ask for) | Pide | Ask for! |
| Seguir (to follow) | Sigue | Follow! |
| Dormir (to sleep) | Duerme | Sleep! |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Haz (irregular) | Do/Make! |
| Tener (to have) | Ten (irregular) | Have! |
| Ir (to go) | Ve (irregular) | Go! |
| Poner (to put) | Pon (irregular) | Put! |
| Salir (to leave) | Sal (irregular) | Leave! |
| Ser (to be) | Sé (irregular) | Be! |
| Venir (to come) | Ven (irregular) | Come! |
| Decir (to say) | Di (irregular) | Say! |
| Jugar (to play) | Juega | Play! |
| Empezar (to start) | Empieza | Start! |
| Mostrar (to show) | Muestra | Show! |
| Volver (to return) | Vuelve | Return! |
| Recordar (to remember) | Recuerda | Remember! |
| Contar (to count/tell) | Cuenta | Count/Tell! |
| Encontrar (to find) | Encuentra | Find! |
| Almorzar (to have lunch) | Almuerza | Have lunch! |
The second table presents examples of negative tú commands, demonstrating how to form these commands using the present subjunctive.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Negative Tú Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | No hables | Don’t speak! |
| Comer (to eat) | No comas | Don’t eat! |
| Vivir (to live) | No vivas | Don’t live! |
| Escribir (to write) | No escribas | Don’t write! |
| Abrir (to open) | No abras | Don’t open! |
| Cerrar (to close) | No cierres | Don’t close! |
| Entender (to understand) | No entiendas | Don’t understand! |
| Pedir (to ask for) | No pidas | Don’t ask for! |
| Seguir (to follow) | No sigas | Don’t follow! |
| Dormir (to sleep) | No duermas | Don’t sleep! |
| Hacer (to do/make) | No hagas | Don’t do/make! |
| Tener (to have) | No tengas | Don’t have! |
| Ir (to go) | No vayas | Don’t go! |
| Poner (to put) | No pongas | Don’t put! |
| Salir (to leave) | No salgas | Don’t leave! |
| Ser (to be) | No seas | Don’t be! |
| Venir (to come) | No vengas | Don’t come! |
| Decir (to say) | No digas | Don’t say! |
| Jugar (to play) | No juegues | Don’t play! |
| Pensar (to think) | No pienses | Don’t think! |
| Empezar (to start) | No empieces | Don’t start! |
| Mostrar (to show) | No muestres | Don’t show! |
| Volver (to return) | No vuelvas | Don’t return! |
| Recordar (to remember) | No recuerdes | Don’t remember! |
| Contar (to count/tell) | No cuentes | Don’t count/tell! |
| Encontrar (to find) | No encuentres | Don’t find! |
| Almorzar (to have lunch) | No almuerces | Don’t have lunch! |
The third table illustrates affirmative usted commands, demonstrating their formation using the present subjunctive.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Affirmative Usted Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | Hable | Speak! (formal) |
| Comer (to eat) | Coma | Eat! (formal) |
| Vivir (to live) | Viva | Live! (formal) |
| Escribir (to write) | Escriba | Write! (formal) |
| Abrir (to open) | Abra | Open! (formal) |
| Cerrar (to close) | Cierre | Close! (formal) |
| Entender (to understand) | Entienda | Understand! (formal) |
| Pedir (to ask for) | Pida | Ask for! (formal) |
| Seguir (to follow) | Siga | Follow! (formal) |
| Dormir (to sleep) | Duerma | Sleep! (formal) |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Haga | Do/Make! (formal) |
| Tener (to have) | Tenga | Have! (formal) |
| Ir (to go) | Vaya | Go! (formal) |
| Poner (to put) | Ponga | Put! (formal) |
| Salir (to leave) | Salga | Leave! (formal) |
| Ser (to be) | Sea | Be! (formal) |
| Venir (to come) | Venga | Come! (formal) |
| Decir (to say) | Diga | Say! (formal) |
| Jugar (to play) | Juegue | Play! (formal) |
| Pensar (to think) | Piense | Think! (formal) |
| Empezar (to start) | Empiece | Start! (formal) |
| Mostrar (to show) | Muestre | Show! (formal) |
| Volver (to return) | Vuelva | Return! (formal) |
| Recordar (to remember) | Recuerde | Remember! (formal) |
| Contar (to count/tell) | Cuente | Count/Tell! (formal) |
| Encontrar (to find) | Encuentre | Find! (formal) |
| Almorzar (to have lunch) | Almuerce | Have lunch! (formal) |
The fourth table presents examples of negative usted commands, demonstrating their formation using the present subjunctive.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Negative Usted Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | No hable | Don’t speak! (formal) |
| Comer (to eat) | No coma | Don’t eat! (formal) |
| Vivir (to live) | No viva | Don’t live! (formal) |
| Escribir (to write) | No escriba | Don’t write! (formal) |
| Abrir (to open) | No abra | Don’t open! (formal) |
| Cerrar (to close) | No cierre | Don’t close! (formal) |
| Entender (to understand) | No entienda | Don’t understand! (formal) |
| Pedir (to ask for) | No pida | Don’t ask for! (formal) |
| Seguir (to follow) | No siga | Don’t follow! (formal) |
| Dormir (to sleep) | No duerma | Don’t sleep! (formal) |
| Hacer (to do/make) | No haga | Don’t do/make! (formal) |
| Tener (to have) | No tenga | Don’t have! (formal) |
| Ir (to go) | No vaya | Don’t go! (formal) |
| Poner (to put) | No ponga | Don’t put! (formal) |
| Salir (to leave) | No salga | Don’t leave! (formal) |
| Ser (to be) | No sea | Don’t be! (formal) |
| Venir (to come) | No venga | Don’t come! (formal) |
| Decir (to say) | No diga | Don’t say! (formal) |
| Jugar (to play) | No juegue | Don’t play! (formal) |
| Pensar (to think) | No piense | Don’t think! (formal) |
| Empezar (to start) | No empiece | Don’t start! (formal) |
| Mostrar (to show) | No muestre | Don’t show! (formal) |
| Volver (to return) | No vuelva | Don’t return! (formal) |
| Recordar (to remember) | No recuerde | Don’t remember! (formal) |
| Contar (to count/tell) | No cuente | Don’t count/tell! (formal) |
| Encontrar (to find) | No encuentre | Don’t find! (formal) |
| Almorzar (to have lunch) | No almuerce | Don’t have lunch! (formal) |
Reflexive verbs add another layer of complexity. The placement of the reflexive pronoun changes depending on whether the command is affirmative or negative.
For example, the affirmative tú command of lavarse (to wash oneself) is Lávate (Wash yourself!). The reflexive pronoun “te” is attached to the end of the verb. However, the negative tú command is No te laves (Don’t wash yourself!). The reflexive pronoun “te” is placed before the verb.
Usage Rules for Spanish Commands
Using Spanish commands correctly requires understanding the rules governing their formation and usage. Here are some key rules to keep in mind:
- Formality: Use tú commands with people you know well and usted commands with people you don’t know well, those older than you, or those in positions of authority.
- Affirmative Tú: The affirmative tú command usually takes the same form as the third-person singular present indicative. However, be aware of irregular forms.
- Negative Tú: Form the negative tú command by using the present subjunctive with “no” before the verb.
- Affirmative Usted: Form the affirmative usted command by using the present subjunctive.
- Negative Usted: Form the negative usted command by using the present subjunctive with “no” before the verb.
- Pronoun Placement: With affirmative commands, pronouns are attached to the end of the verb. With negative commands, pronouns are placed before the verb. For example: Levántate (Get up!) vs. No te levantes (Don’t get up!).
- Irregular Verbs: Pay special attention to irregular verbs, as they have unique command forms that must be memorized.
Understanding these rules will help you avoid common mistakes and use Spanish commands correctly in various situations. Remember to practice regularly to solidify your knowledge.
Common Mistakes with Spanish Commands
Even experienced learners make mistakes when using Spanish commands. Here are some common errors to watch out for:
- Using the wrong form of “you”: Confusing tú and usted commands.
- Incorrect: Habla (to a stranger) – Should be Hable
- Correct: Hable (to a stranger)
- Incorrect verb conjugation: Not using the correct verb form for the command.
- Incorrect: No hablas (intending “Don’t speak!”) – Should be No hables
- Correct: No hables
- Incorrect pronoun placement: Placing pronouns incorrectly with affirmative and negative commands.
- Incorrect: No laves te (intending “Don’t wash yourself!”) – Should be No te laves
- Correct: No te laves
- Forgetting irregular verb forms: Not knowing the irregular affirmative tú command forms.
- Incorrect: Haces (intending “Do it!”) – Should be Haz
- Correct: Haz
By being aware of these common mistakes, you can avoid them in your own speech and writing. Always double-check your verb conjugations and pronoun placements to ensure accuracy.
Practice Exercises
Practice is essential for mastering Spanish commands. The following exercises will help you test your knowledge and improve your skills. Each exercise focuses on a different aspect of tú and usted commands.
Exercise 1: Affirmative Tú Commands
Convert the following verbs into affirmative tú commands:
| Infinitive | Affirmative Tú Command |
|---|---|
| Cantar (to sing) | |
| Correr (to run) | |
| Abrir (to open) | |
| Poner (to put) | |
| Decir (to say) | |
| Escribir (to write) | |
| Salir (to leave) | |
| Venir (to come) | |
| Hacer (to do/make) | |
| Tener (to have) |
Answers:
| Infinitive | Affirmative Tú Command |
|---|---|
| Cantar (to sing) | Canta |
| Correr (to run) | Corre |
| Abrir (to open) | Abre |
| Poner (to put) | Pon |
| Decir (to say) | Di |
| Escribir (to write) | Escribe |
| Salir (to leave) | Sal |
| Venir (to come) | Ven |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Haz |
| Tener (to have) | Ten |
Exercise 2: Negative Tú Commands
Convert the following verbs into negative tú commands:
| Infinitive | Negative Tú Command |
|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | |
| Comer (to eat) | |
| Vivir (to live) | |
| Ir (to go) | |
| Ser (to be) | |
| Poner (to put) | |
| Empezar (to start) | |
| Mostrar (to show) | |
| Volver (to return) | |
| Recordar (to remember) |
Answers:
| Infinitive | Negative Tú Command |
|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | No hables |
| Comer (to eat) | No comas |
| Vivir (to live) | No vivas |
| Ir (to go) | No vayas |
| Ser (to be) | No seas |
| Poner (to put) | No pongas |
| Empezar (to start) | No empieces |
| Mostrar (to show) | No muestres |
| Volver (to return) | No vuelvas |
| Recordar (to remember) | No recuerdes |
Exercise 3: Affirmative Usted Commands
Convert the following verbs into affirmative usted commands:
| Infinitive | Affirmative Usted Command |
|---|---|
| Cantar (to sing) | |
| Correr (to run) | |
| Abrir (to open) | |
| Poner (to put) | |
| Decir (to say) | |
| Escribir (to write) | |
| Salir (to leave) |
