Mastering Spanish Commands: Formal vs. Informal
Understanding how to give commands in Spanish is crucial for effective communication. Unlike English, Spanish distinguishes between formal and informal commands, reflecting different levels of respect and familiarity. Using the wrong form can be awkward or even offensive. This article provides a comprehensive guide to mastering both formal (usted and ustedes) and informal (tú and vosotros/as) commands in Spanish. Whether you’re a beginner or an advanced learner, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and practice you need to use Spanish commands accurately and confidently.
This guide is designed for students learning Spanish at all levels, travelers who want to navigate Spanish-speaking countries with confidence, and anyone who wants to improve their fluency and cultural sensitivity. By the end of this article, you’ll be able to construct and use Spanish commands correctly in various contexts, enhancing your ability to communicate effectively and appropriately.
Table of Contents
- Definition of Spanish Commands
- Structural Breakdown of Spanish Commands
- Types and Categories of Spanish Commands
- Examples of Spanish Commands
- Usage Rules for Spanish Commands
- Common Mistakes with Spanish Commands
- Practice Exercises
- Advanced Topics in Spanish Commands
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion
Definition of Spanish Commands
In Spanish, commands, also known as imperatives, are used to tell someone to do something. They are a form of direct address, instructing or ordering someone to perform an action. The key to using commands correctly lies in understanding the level of formality required by the situation. Spanish distinguishes between formal and informal commands based on the relationship between the speaker and the person being addressed.
The formality distinction is fundamental to Spanish grammar and culture. Informal commands (tú and vosotros/as) are used with people you know well, such as family members, close friends, and peers. Formal commands (usted and ustedes) are used with people you don’t know well, people older than you, or anyone in a position of authority. Choosing the appropriate command form demonstrates respect and avoids social awkwardness.
Commands are typically used in the present tense and are derived from verb conjugations. However, the specific conjugation rules differ depending on whether you are using a formal or informal command. Mastering these conjugations is essential for constructing grammatically correct and socially appropriate commands in Spanish. Understanding the nuances of command forms will dramatically improve your Spanish communication skills.
Structural Breakdown of Spanish Commands
The structure of Spanish commands varies depending on the pronoun being used (tú, vosotros/as, usted, ustedes). The basic structure involves using a specific verb conjugation in the imperative mood. Let’s break down the structural elements for each command type.
Informal Tú Commands: Affirmative tú commands generally use the same form as the third-person singular of the present indicative (él/ella/usted form). For example, the command for “to speak” (hablar) would be habla (speak!). Negative tú commands, however, use the present subjunctive form. For hablar, the negative command would be no hables (don’t speak!).
Informal Vosotros/as Commands: Affirmative vosotros/as commands are formed by dropping the -r from the infinitive and adding -d. For example, hablar becomes hablad (speak!). For negative commands, the present subjunctive is used: no habléis (don’t speak!). Note: Vosotros/as is primarily used in Spain.
Formal Usted Commands: Both affirmative and negative usted commands use the present subjunctive form. For hablar, the affirmative command is hable (speak!), and the negative command is no hable (don’t speak!).
Formal Ustedes Commands: Similar to usted commands, both affirmative and negative ustedes commands use the present subjunctive form. For hablar, the affirmative command is hablen (speak!), and the negative command is no hablen (don’t speak!).
It’s crucial to remember that reflexive verbs and object pronouns are attached to the end of affirmative commands but precede negative commands. This placement significantly affects the word order and pronunciation. For example, “Sit down!” (informal) is ¡Siéntate!, but “Don’t sit down!” is ¡No te sientes!.
Types and Categories of Spanish Commands
Spanish commands are categorized primarily by their level of formality and the pronoun they address. Here’s a detailed breakdown:
Informal Tú Commands
Tú commands are used with people you are familiar with, such as friends, family members, and peers. These commands are generally direct and casual. As mentioned earlier, affirmative tú commands often resemble the third-person singular form (él/ella/usted) of the present indicative. Negative tú commands use the present subjunctive form.
For regular -ar verbs, the affirmative tú command ends in -a. For -er and -ir verbs, the affirmative tú command ends in -e. Irregular verbs have unique forms that must be memorized. These irregularities often stem from changes in the stem vowel or the addition of a consonant.
Informal Vosotros/as Commands
Vosotros/as commands are used informally when addressing a group of people in Spain. Outside of Spain, this form is rarely used. Affirmative vosotros/as commands are formed by dropping the -r from the infinitive and adding -d. Negative vosotros/as commands use the present subjunctive form.
The vosotros/as form also has irregular verbs, which must be learned individually. These irregular forms often involve stem changes or altered endings. While less common globally, mastering vosotros/as commands is essential for anyone spending time in Spain.
Formal Usted Commands
Usted commands are used to show respect to someone you don’t know well, someone older than you, or someone in a position of authority. Both affirmative and negative usted commands use the present subjunctive form. This form is more polite and reserved than the informal tú command.
For regular -ar verbs, the usted command ends in -e. For -er and -ir verbs, the usted command ends in -a. Irregular verbs also have unique subjunctive forms that must be memorized. Using the correct usted command demonstrates cultural sensitivity and avoids potential offense.
Formal Ustedes Commands
Ustedes commands are used to address a group of people formally. As with usted commands, both affirmative and negative ustedes commands use the present subjunctive form. This form is appropriate when addressing a group of people you don’t know well or who deserve respect due to their age or position.
For regular -ar verbs, the ustedes command ends in -en. For -er and -ir verbs, the ustedes command ends in -an. Irregular verbs follow the subjunctive conjugation rules and must be learned individually. A proper understanding of ustedes commands is vital for formal settings and professional communication.
Irregular Commands
Several verbs have irregular command forms that don’t follow the standard conjugation rules. These verbs are frequently used, making it essential to memorize their irregular imperatives. Some of the most common irregular verbs include ser (to be), ir (to go), tener (to have), venir (to come), decir (to say), hacer (to do/make), and poner (to put). Their informal tú command forms are sé, ve, ten, ven, di, haz, and pon, respectively. The formal commands follow the subjunctive forms of these verbs.
For example, instead of *sere* for “be,” the informal tú command for ser is sé. Similarly, the informal tú command for ir is ve, not *ire*. Mastering these irregular commands will significantly improve your fluency and accuracy in Spanish.
Examples of Spanish Commands
To further illustrate the usage of Spanish commands, let’s look at various examples categorized by command type.
Examples of Informal Tú Commands
This table provides examples of affirmative and negative informal tú commands. It includes both regular and irregular verbs to demonstrate the different forms.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Affirmative Tú Command | Negative Tú Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | Habla | No hables | Speak / Don’t speak |
| Comer (to eat) | Come | No comas | Eat / Don’t eat |
| Vivir (to live) | Vive | No vivas | Live / Don’t live |
| Escribir (to write) | Escribe | No escribas | Write / Don’t write |
| Abrir (to open) | Abre | No abras | Open / Don’t open |
| Cerrar (to close) | Cierra | No cierres | Close / Don’t close |
| Entender (to understand) | Entiende | No entiendas | Understand / Don’t understand |
| Pedir (to ask for) | Pide | No pidas | Ask for / Don’t ask for |
| Volver (to return) | Vuelve | No vuelvas | Return / Don’t return |
| Seguir (to follow) | Sigue | No sigas | Follow / Don’t follow |
| Ser (to be) | Sé | No seas | Be / Don’t be |
| Ir (to go) | Ve | No vayas | Go / Don’t go |
| Tener (to have) | Ten | No tengas | Have / Don’t have |
| Venir (to come) | Ven | No vengas | Come / Don’t come |
| Decir (to say) | Di | No digas | Say / Don’t say |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Haz | No hagas | Do/Make / Don’t do/make |
| Poner (to put) | Pon | No pongas | Put / Don’t put |
| Salir (to leave) | Sal | No salgas | Leave / Don’t leave |
| Traer (to bring) | Trae | No traigas | Bring / Don’t bring |
| Oír (to hear) | Oye | No oigas | Hear / Don’t hear |
| Dar (to give) | Da | No des | Give / Don’t give |
| Ver (to see) | Ve | No veas | See / Don’t see |
| Cantar (to sing) | Canta | No cantes | Sing / Don’t sing |
| Bailar (to dance) | Baila | No bailes | Dance / Don’t dance |
| Escuchar (to listen) | Escucha | No escuches | Listen / Don’t listen |
Examples of Informal Vosotros/as Commands
This table provides examples of affirmative and negative informal vosotros/as commands. Remember that this form is primarily used in Spain.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Affirmative Vosotros/as Command | Negative Vosotros/as Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | Hablad | No habléis | Speak / Don’t speak |
| Comer (to eat) | Comed | No comáis | Eat / Don’t eat |
| Vivir (to live) | Vivid | No viváis | Live / Don’t live |
| Escribir (to write) | Escribid | No escribáis | Write / Don’t write |
| Abrir (to open) | Abrid | No abráis | Open / Don’t open |
| Cerrar (to close) | Cerrad | No cerréis | Close / Don’t close |
| Entender (to understand) | Entended | No entendáis | Understand / Don’t understand |
| Pedir (to ask for) | Pedid | No pidáis | Ask for / Don’t ask for |
| Volver (to return) | Volved | No volváis | Return / Don’t return |
| Seguir (to follow) | Seguid | No sigáis | Follow / Don’t follow |
| Ser (to be) | Sed | No seáis | Be / Don’t be |
| Ir (to go) | Id | No vayáis | Go / Don’t go |
| Tener (to have) | Tened | No tengáis | Have / Don’t have |
| Venir (to come) | Venid | No vengáis | Come / Don’t come |
| Decir (to say) | Decid | No digáis | Say / Don’t say |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Haced | No hagáis | Do/Make / Don’t do/make |
| Poner (to put) | Poned | No pongáis | Put / Don’t put |
| Salir (to leave) | Salid | No salgáis | Leave / Don’t leave |
| Traer (to bring) | Traed | No traigáis | Bring / Don’t bring |
| Oír (to hear) | Oíd | No oigáis | Hear / Don’t hear |
| Dar (to give) | Dad | No deis | Give / Don’t give |
| Ver (to see) | Ved | No veáis | See / Don’t see |
| Cantar (to sing) | Cantad | No cantéis | Sing / Don’t sing |
| Bailar (to dance) | Bailad | No bailéis | Dance / Don’t dance |
| Escuchar (to listen) | Escuchad | No escuchéis | Listen / Don’t listen |
Examples of Formal Usted Commands
This table provides examples of affirmative and negative formal usted commands. These commands are used to show respect.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Affirmative Usted Command | Negative Usted Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | Hable | No hable | Speak / Don’t speak |
| Comer (to eat) | Coma | No coma | Eat / Don’t eat |
| Vivir (to live) | Viva | No viva | Live / Don’t live |
| Escribir (to write) | Escriba | No escriba | Write / Don’t write |
| Abrir (to open) | Abra | No abra | Open / Don’t open |
| Cerrar (to close) | Cierre | No cierre | Close / Don’t close |
| Entender (to understand) | Entienda | No entienda | Understand / Don’t understand |
| Pedir (to ask for) | Pida | No pida | Ask for / Don’t ask for |
| Volver (to return) | Vuelva | No vuelva | Return / Don’t return |
| Seguir (to follow) | Siga | No siga | Follow / Don’t follow |
| Ser (to be) | Sea | No sea | Be / Don’t be |
| Ir (to go) | Vaya | No vaya | Go / Don’t go |
| Tener (to have) | Tenga | No tenga | Have / Don’t have |
| Venir (to come) | Venga | No venga | Come / Don’t come |
| Decir (to say) | Diga | No diga | Say / Don’t say |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Haga | No haga | Do/Make / Don’t do/make |
| Poner (to put) | Ponga | No ponga | Put / Don’t put |
| Salir (to leave) | Salga | No salga | Leave / Don’t leave |
| Traer (to bring) | Traiga | No traiga | Bring / Don’t bring |
| Oír (to hear) | Oiga | No oiga | Hear / Don’t hear |
| Dar (to give) | Dé | No dé | Give / Don’t give |
| Ver (to see) | Vea | No vea | See / Don’t see |
| Cantar (to sing) | Cante | No cante | Sing / Don’t sing |
| Bailar (to dance) | Baile | No baile | Dance / Don’t dance |
| Escuchar (to listen) | Escuche | No escuche | Listen / Don’t listen |
Examples of Formal Ustedes Commands
This table provides examples of affirmative and negative formal ustedes commands. These commands are used when addressing a group of people formally.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Affirmative Ustedes Command | Negative Ustedes Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hablar (to speak) | Hablen | No hablen | Speak / Don’t speak |
| Comer (to eat) | Coman | No coman | Eat / Don’t eat |
| Vivir (to live) | Vivan | No vivan | Live / Don’t live |
| Escribir (to write) | Escriban | No escriban | Write / Don’t write |
| Abrir (to open) | Abran | No abran | Open / Don’t open |
| Cerrar (to close) | Cierren | No cierren | Close / Don’t close |
| Entender (to understand) | Entiendan | No entiendan | Understand / Don’t understand |
| Pedir (to ask for) | Pidan | No pidan | Ask for / Don’t ask for |
| Volver (to return) | Vuelvan | No vuelvan | Return / Don’t return |
| Seguir (to follow) | Sigan | No sigan | Follow / Don’t follow |
| Ser (to be) | Sean | No sean | Be / Don’t be |
| Ir (to go) | Vayan | No vayan | Go / Don’t go |
| Tener (to have) | Tengan | No tengan | Have / Don’t have |
| Venir (to come) | Vengan | No vengan | Come / Don’t come |
| Decir (to say) | Digan | No digan | Say / Don’t say |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Hagan | No hagan | Do/Make / Don’t do/make |
| Poner (to put) | Pongan | No pongan | Put / Don’t put |
| Salir (to leave) | Salgan | No salgan | Leave / Don’t leave |
| Traer (to bring) | Traigan | No traigan | Bring / Don’t bring |
| Oír (to hear) | Oigan | No oigan | Hear / Don’t hear |
| Dar (to give) | Den | No den | Give / Don’t give |
| Ver (to see) | Vean | No vean | See / Don’t see |
| Cantar (to sing) | Canten | No canten | Sing / Don’t sing |
| Bailar (to dance) | Bailen | No bailen | Dance / Don’t dance |
| Escuchar (to listen) | Escuchen | No escuchen | Listen / Don’t listen |
Examples of Irregular Commands
This table focuses specifically on irregular commands in the tú, usted, and ustedes forms. Mastering these is key to sounding fluent.
| Verb (Infinitive) | Tú Command | Usted Command | Ustedes Command | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ser (to be) | Sé | Sea | Sean | Be |
| Ir (to go) | Ve | Vaya | Vayan | Go |
| Tener (to have) | Ten | Tenga | Tengan | Have |
| Venir (to come) | Ven | Venga | Vengan | Come |
| Decir (to say) | Di | Diga | Digan | Say |
| Hacer (to do/make) | Haz | Haga | Hagan | Do/Make |
| Poner (to put) | Pon | Ponga | Pongan | Put |
| Salir (to leave) | Sal | Salga | Salgan | Leave |
| Dar (to give) | Da | Dé | Den | Give |
| Ver (to see) | Ve | Vea | Vean | See |
Usage Rules for Spanish Commands
Understanding the rules for using Spanish commands is essential for clear and respectful communication. The most important rule is to choose the appropriate form (formal or informal) based on your relationship with the person you are addressing.
For affirmative commands, reflexive pronouns and object pronouns are attached to the end of the verb. This changes the stress pattern, so an accent mark is often added to maintain the correct pronunciation. For example, Levántate (Get up!). In
contrast, for negative commands, these pronouns precede the verb: No te levantes (Don’t get up!).
When using pronouns with commands, remember the following:
- Affirmative Commands: Pronouns are attached to the end of the verb. If multiple pronouns are used, they follow the acronym RID (Reflexive, Indirect, Direct). For example: Dámelo (Give it to me).
- Negative Commands: Pronouns precede the verb. The word order is “No + pronoun(s) + verb.” For example: No me lo des (Don’t give it to me).
Be mindful of regional variations. While the vosotros/as form is standard in Spain, it is rarely used in Latin America. In Latin America, the ustedes form is used for both formal and informal groups.
Finally, pay attention to context. Even with close friends, there may be situations where a more formal tone is appropriate, such as when giving serious advice or instructions.
Common Mistakes with Spanish Commands
Even advanced learners make mistakes with Spanish commands. Here are some common errors to avoid:
- Using the wrong level of formality: Mixing up tú and usted commands is a frequent mistake. Always consider your relationship with the person you are addressing.
- Incorrect verb conjugations: Forgetting the correct subjunctive forms for formal commands or irregular verb forms is a common error. Review verb charts and practice regularly.
- Misplacing pronouns: Placing pronouns incorrectly in affirmative or negative commands can change the meaning or sound awkward. Remember the “RID” rule for affirmative commands and the “No + pronoun(s) + verb” structure for negative commands.
- Forgetting accent marks: When attaching pronouns to affirmative commands, adding an accent mark is often necessary to maintain the correct stress pattern. For example, Dime becomes Dímelo.
- Ignoring irregular verbs: Relying on regular verb conjugations for irregular verbs will lead to errors. Memorize the irregular command forms of common verbs.
- Using vosotros/as incorrectly: Using vosotros/as commands in Latin America or using them incorrectly in Spain can be a mistake. Be aware of regional variations.
Correcting these mistakes requires focused practice and attention to detail. Pay close attention to feedback and actively work to incorporate the correct forms into your speech and writing.
Practice Exercises
Test your understanding of Spanish commands with these exercises. Each exercise focuses on a different aspect of command formation and usage.
Exercise 1: Identify the Command Type
Identify whether each command is tú, vosotros/as, usted, or ustedes. Also, indicate whether it is affirmative or negative.
- No comas la manzana.
- Comed toda la comida.
- Abra la puerta, por favor.
- No abran las ventanas.
- Escribe una carta.
- No escribáis en la pared.
- Cierre el libro.
- No cierres la puerta.
- Vivan muchos años.
- No viva aquí.
Answers:
- Tú, negative
- Vosotros/as, affirmative
- Usted, affirmative
- Ustedes, negative
- Tú, affirmative
- Vosotros/as, negative
- Usted, affirmative
- Tú, negative
- Ustedes, affirmative
- Usted, negative
Exercise 2: Forming Informal Tú Commands
Provide the affirmative and negative tú commands for the following verbs:
- Cantar (to sing)
- Beber (to drink)
- Abrir (to open)
- Poner (to put)
- Ir (to go)
Answers:
- Affirmative: Canta, Negative: No cantes
- Affirmative: Bebe, Negative: No bebas
- Affirmative: Abre, Negative: No abras
- Affirmative: Pon, Negative: No pongas
- Affirmative: Ve, Negative: No vayas
Exercise 3: Forming Formal Usted and Ustedes Commands
Provide the affirmative and negative usted and ustedes commands for the following verbs:
- Comer (to eat)
- Escribir (to write)
- Hablar (to speak)
- Tener (to have)
- Dar (to give)
Answers:
- Usted: Affirmative: Coma, Negative: No coma; Ustedes: Affirmative: Coman, Negative: No coman
- Usted: Affirmative: Escriba, Negative: No escriba; Ustedes: Affirmative: Escriban, Negative: No escriban
- Usted: Affirmative: Hable, Negative: No hable; Ustedes: Affirmative: Hablen, Negative: No hablen
- Usted: Affirmative: Tenga, Negative: No tenga; Ustedes: Affirmative: Tengan, Negative: No tengan
- Usted: Affirmative: Dé, Negative: No dé; Ustedes: Affirmative: Den, Negative: No den
Exercise 4: Using Irregular Commands
Fill in the blanks with the correct irregular command (tú, usted, or ustedes) based on the context:
- (To a friend) _______ (venir) a mi casa mañana.
- (To a teacher) _______ (ser) amable, por favor.
- (To a group of students) _______ (hacer) la tarea.
- (To a child) _______ (poner) la mesa.
- (To a stranger) _______ (ir) con cuidado.
Answers:
- Ven
- Sea
- Hagan
- Pon
- Vaya
Exercise 5: Translate the Sentences
Translate the following sentences into Spanish, using the appropriate command form based on the context (indicated in parentheses):
- (To a friend) Tell me the truth.
- (To your parents) Be careful.
- (To a group of children) Don’t touch that!
- (To a stranger) Come in, please.
- (To a group of friends in Spain) Have fun!
Answers:
- (To a friend) Di la verdad.
- (To your parents) Tengan cuidado.
- (To a group of children) ¡No toquen eso!
- (To a stranger) Entre, por favor.
- (To a group of friends in Spain) ¡Divertiros!
Advanced Topics in Spanish Commands
Once you’ve mastered the basics of Spanish commands, you can explore more advanced topics to refine your skills:
- Using commands with indirect object pronouns: Understanding how to correctly place and use indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) in commands.
- Combining commands with relative clauses: Constructing complex sentences that include commands and relative clauses.
- Expressing politeness with commands: Using phrases like por favor (please) and softening commands with conditional tenses.
- Regional variations in command usage: Exploring differences in command usage between Spain and Latin America, particularly with the vosotros/as form.
- Commands in formal writing: Understanding how to use commands appropriately in formal written communication.
By delving into these advanced topics, you can achieve a more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of Spanish commands.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between tú and usted commands?
Tú commands are informal and used with people you know well, while usted commands are formal and used to show respect. The verb conjugations are also different.
When should I use vosotros/as commands?
Vosotros/as commands are used informally when addressing a group of people in Spain. Outside of Spain, this form is rarely used.
How do I form negative commands in Spanish?
Negative commands use the present subjunctive form of the verb. The word “no” precedes the verb, and any pronouns precede the verb as well (e.g., No te vayas – Don’t leave).
What are some common irregular commands?
Some common irregular commands include sé (be), ve (go), ten (have), ven (come), di (say), haz (do/make), and pon (put). These are the informal tú forms; the formal commands also have irregular subjunctive forms.
How do I attach pronouns to commands?
For affirmative commands, pronouns are attached to the end of the verb (e.g., Dímelo – Tell it to me). For negative commands, pronouns precede the verb (e.g., No me lo digas – Don’t tell it to me).
Conclusion
Mastering Spanish commands is essential for effective and respectful communication. By understanding the differences between formal and informal commands, learning the verb conjugations, and practicing regularly, you can confidently use commands in various contexts. Remember to pay attention to the nuances of pronoun placement, irregular verbs, and regional variations. With consistent effort, you’ll be able to give commands accurately and appropriately, enhancing your fluency and cultural sensitivity in Spanish.
